CPP03

Main topics

Inheritance

Inheritance

Let's go and take a look at what inheritance means.

Inheritance is the capacity of a class to derive properties to another class.

New classes are created from an existing class, the new class is called a Child Class or Derived Class and the class from which it was created is called the Base Class or Parent Class.

When is inheritance useful

Let's say you have to create a little program to manage an inventory of vehicles. You'll go ahead and create a class for Cars, one for Trucks, one for Motorbikes, etc.

As you can see above, all the different types of vehicles have the same basic properties, but some might require additional properties.

Do you really want to type the same properties over and over again each time you have to add a new vehicle type ? No, and that's what inheritance is for (amongst other things).

Isn't it better like this ? What we are doing here is declaring a base class Vehicle, with some properties like any other class. Then, when we create our Car class, we say it extends the available properties of Vehicle. If we declare a new Car, we can access and set all the properties from the base class since Car extends it. Let's look at the following code.

#include <iostream>

// Declaring our base Vehicle class
class Vehicle
{
	public:
		Vehicle(std::string type);
		std::string type;
	private:
};

// Declaring our Car class that publicly extends our Vehicle class
class Car : public Vehicle
{
	public:
		Car(void);
	private:
};

// Simple operator overload for output stream
// as you can see, we say that we need a Vehicle on the right
// side of the << operator
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const Vehicle &v)
{
	o << "This is a vehicle of type " << v.type;
	return (o);
}

// Constructors
Vehicle::Vehicle(std::string type): type(type) {}
Car::Car(void) : Vehicle("Car") {}

int	main(void)
{
	Car car = Car();
	std::cout << car << std::endl;
	return (0);
}

In that code, our Car is a sub-class of Vehicle. We can access all the properties and functions of the Vehicle class from any sub-class derived from it. If we want to create another vehicle type, we can simply create another class, i.e. Truck, and do the same as for the Car class.

Car Constructor

The Car class has its own constructor which does not take any parameters. Its main role is to initialize the Car class and set its type by calling the parent Vehicle class constructor with the hardcoded string "Car".

Car::Car(void) : Vehicle("Car") {}

This means that every time a Car object is created, it automatically gets the type "Car" through the Vehicle constructor. The void keyword indicates that no parameters are required for the Car constructor. The Car constructor uses an initialization list to call the parent Vehicle constructor with the predetermined type.

Access Specifier

Access specifiers play a crucial role in object-oriented programming as they control the visibility and accessibility of class members. There are three types of access specifiers: public, protected, and private.

public inheritance makes the public and protected members of the base class public and protected in the derived class respectively. This means that the same level of access is preserved in the derived class.
protected inheritance will make the public and protected members of the base class protected in the derived class. This restricts the access to these members outside the class hierarchy, while keeping them accessible within the class and its derived classes.
private inheritance will make both the public and protected members of the base class private in the derived class. This means that these members can no longer be accessed from objects of the derived class, only from within the derived class itself (essentially turning all inherited members into private members of the derived class).

Here is an example illustrating different access specifiers in inheritance:

class Base {
public:
    int publicVar;
protected:
    int protectedVar;
private:
    int privateVar;
};

class PublicDerived : public Base {
    // publicVar is public
    // protectedVar is protected
    // privateVar is not accessible
};

class ProtectedDerived : protected Base {
    // publicVar is protected
    // protectedVar is protected
    // privateVar is not accessible
};

class PrivateDerived : private Base {
    // publicVar is private
    // protectedVar is private
    // privateVar is not accessible
};

It's essential to choose the right access specifier to ensure the encapsulation and proper hierarchical structure of your classes. This can have a significant impact on how your classes interact with one another and with the rest of your program.

Advanced topics

Multiple Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented programming languages in which a class can inherit characteristics and behaviors from more than one parent class. This allows for the creation of a new class that aggregates multiple behaviors from various classes. In C++, multiple inheritance can lead to complex hierarchies and the potential for the diamond problem, where a class inherits the same base class through multiple paths. Here's a simple syntax example in C++:

class Base1 {
public:
    void function1() {}
};

class Base2 {
public:
    void function2() {}
};

class Derived : public Base1, public Base2 {
    // Inherits function1 from Base1 and function2 from Base2
};

int main() {
    Derived derivedObject;
    derivedObject.function1(); // From Base1
    derivedObject.function2(); // From Base2
}

When using multiple inheritance, it's essential to manage complexities and potential ambiguities that can arise, ensuring the correct functions or properties are accessed.

Diamond Inheritance Problem

You do remember that the last exercise in this module is called DiamondTrap right ? There might be a link that you can make here.

Diamond inheritance occurs in Object-Oriented Programming when a subclass, or derived class, inherits from two classes that, in turn, inherit from a single base class. This creates a shape similar to a diamond when visualized in a class diagram.

Example:

class Base {
public:
    void baseMethod() {}
};

class Derived1 : public Base {
    // Inherits baseMethod from Base
};

class Derived2 : public Base {
    // Inherits baseMethod from Base
};

class SubDerived : public Derived1, public Derived2 {
    // Attempts to inherit baseMethod from both Derived1 and Derived2
    // This may cause ambiguity because baseMethod exists in two places in the hierarchy.
};

When SubDerived tries to use baseMethod, the compiler may not be sure which version of baseMethod to use - the one from Derived1 or the one from Derived2. This ambiguity is the essence of the diamond problem.

Virtual Inheritance as a Solution:

Virtual inheritance allows you to specify that only a single instance of the base class should be inherited by any derived classes, thus preventing multiple "copies" of the base class being included in the extended class hierarchies.

class Base {
public:
    void baseMethod() {}
};

class Derived1 : virtual public Base {
    // Virtually inherits baseMethod from Base
};

class Derived2 : virtual public Base {
    // Virtually inherits baseMethod from Base
};

class SubDerived : public Derived1, public Derived2 {
    // Inherits a single instance of baseMethod
};

Using virtual inheritance, SubDerived will only have one baseMethod inherited from the Base class, resolving the ambiguity and avoiding the diamond problem.

You can find more information about derivation here on IBM, our here on geekforgeeks.

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#include <iostream> // Declaring our base Vehicle class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle(std::string type); std::string type; private: }; // Declaring our Car class that publicly extends our Vehicle class class Car : public Vehicle { public: Car(void); private: }; // Simple operator overload for output stream // as you can see, we say that we need a Vehicle on the right // side of the << operator std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const Vehicle &v) { o << "This is a vehicle of type " << v.type; return (o); } // Constructors Vehicle::Vehicle(std::string type): type(type) {} Car::Car(void) : Vehicle("Car") {} int main(void) { Car car = Car(); std::cout << car << std::endl; return (0); }

class Base { public: int publicVar; protected: int protectedVar; private: int privateVar; }; class PublicDerived : public Base { // publicVar is public // protectedVar is protected // privateVar is not accessible }; class ProtectedDerived : protected Base { // publicVar is protected // protectedVar is protected // privateVar is not accessible }; class PrivateDerived : private Base { // publicVar is private // protectedVar is private // privateVar is not accessible };

class Base1 { public: void function1() {} }; class Base2 { public: void function2() {} }; class Derived : public Base1, public Base2 { // Inherits function1 from Base1 and function2 from Base2 }; int main() { Derived derivedObject; derivedObject.function1(); // From Base1 derivedObject.function2(); // From Base2 }

class Base { public: void baseMethod() {} }; class Derived1 : public Base { // Inherits baseMethod from Base }; class Derived2 : public Base { // Inherits baseMethod from Base }; class SubDerived : public Derived1, public Derived2 { // Attempts to inherit baseMethod from both Derived1 and Derived2 // This may cause ambiguity because baseMethod exists in two places in the hierarchy. };

class Base { public: void baseMethod() {} }; class Derived1 : virtual public Base { // Virtually inherits baseMethod from Base }; class Derived2 : virtual public Base { // Virtually inherits baseMethod from Base }; class SubDerived : public Derived1, public Derived2 { // Inherits a single instance of baseMethod };